Learning & its theories!

What is learning?

Webster’s Dictionary defines learning as “the act or experience of one that learns; knowledge of skill acquired by instruction or study; modification of a behavioral tendency by experience."

Learning is often defined as a change in behavior , which is demonstrated by people implementing knowledge, skills, or practices derived from education.

Learning is also defined as ‘the cognitive and physical activity giving rise to a relatively permanent change in knowledge, skills or attitude.

Perception including factor that effect the Perception

What is perception?Perception is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information. The word perception comes from the Latin perception-, percepio, , meaning "receiving, collecting, action of taking possession, apprehension with the mind or senses.

According to Stephen P Robbins, Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. The term originated from a Latin word ‘percepio’ meaning receiving, collecting, action of taking possession, apprehension with the mind or senses.

Introduction to Individual Behaviour

What is behaviour?

Behaviour is the pattern of how a person responds to a stimulus.
Responses can be influenced by

Culture: the shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs, and affective understanding that are learned through a process of socialization. These shared patterns identify the members of a culture group while also distinguishing those of another group.

Perception and Decision Making

Person Perception: Making judgment about others

Attribution Theory:

While observing people’s behavior such as getting an overseas assignment or promotion to top management position or failed miserably in university examination or fired from the employer etc, we attempt to determine whether it was internally caused or external caused.  If those factors  such as knowledge,  skill, effort,  talent,  hard work,  positive attitude are responsible for the occurrence of behavior, it is labeled as internally caused. Internally caused behaviors are those that are believed to be under the personal control of the individual. If those factors such as situational factors such as location advantage, non availability  of material,  contacts  with  influential  others,  etc are responsible  for the occurrence of behavior, it is labeled as externally caused. Externally caused behavior is seen as resulting  from outside  causes;  that is, the person  is seen as forced  into the behavior by the situation.

Introduction to Organizational Behavior

The study of Organizational Behaviour (OB) is very interesting and challenging too. It is related to individuals, group of people working together in teams. The study becomes more challenging when situational factors interact. The study of organizational behaviour relates to the expected behaviour of an individual in the organization. No two individuals are likely to behave in the same manner in a particular work situation. It is the predict ability of a manager about the expected behaviour of an individual. There are no absolutes in human behaviour. It is the human factor that is contributory to the productivity hence the study of human behaviour is important. Great importance therefore must be attached to the study. Researchers, management practitioners, psychologists, and social scientists must understand the very credentials of an individual, his background, social framework, educational update, impact of social groups and other situational factors on behaviour. Managers under whom an individual is working should be able to explain, predict, evaluate and modify human behaviour that will largely depend upon knowledge, skill and experience of the manager in handling large group of people in diverse situations. Pre- emptive actions need to be taken for human behaviour forecasting. The value system, emotional intelligence, organizational culture, job design and the work environment are important causal agents in determining human behaviour. Cause and effect relationship plays an important role in how an individual is likely to behave in a particular situation and its impact on productivity. An appropriate organizational culture can modify individual behaviour. Recent trends exist in laying greater stress on organizational development and imbibing a favorable organizational culture in each individual. It also involves fostering a team spirit and motivation so that the organizational objectives are achieved. There is a need for commitment on the part of the management that should be continuous and incremental in nature. The scope of the organizational behaviour is as under:

Mangerial Economics

Managerial economics is a social science discipline that combines the economics theory, concepts and known business practices in order to make the process of decision making easy. It is a very useful concept for every manager that is planning for the future. This is so because it assists the managers to make rational decisions on various obstacles facing the firm. Most of the complex management decision facing a firm can be broken down in a series of logical solutions. A key area of managerial economics is the theory of a firm that entails the best mix of the scarce resources to maximize profits within the firm. Marginal benefits and cost analysis is also another broad area in managerial economics. Managerial economics can be viewed by most modern economists as a practical application of economics theory in using effectively the firm’s scarce resources.

Managerial economics as a science is useful to managers in making decisions relating to a firm’s customer’s base, competitors and strategic future decisions. A lot of mathematical concepts especially statistics and analytical tools are required because of the probabilistic nature of future decisions that the firm wants to make. Most people might ask the questions why study managerial economics while one can make decisions based on past data. It is a genuine question but it is not possible to make a conclusion merely on the bases of prior data because of the dynamic nature of the current market. We have seen a lot of unexpected events that have happened in the past that we never expected. One is the crash of major banks in the US and the current crisis in Greece. Based on these examples it is now clear that we need an approach like managerial economics which will not only take into consideration the prior data but will allow us to include future risks in the posterior data.

Managerial economics helps the manager or the group/ groups of people making the decisions to increase their problem analytics skills as well as formulation solution to probabilistic problems. The main differences between managerial economics and the other branches of economics such as macro and micro economics is that. Micro economics involves the allocation of scarce resources on household level. Macro economics involve the study of economics as a whole. While managerial economics applies the tools learnt in these branches to come up with viable business ideas. Managerial economics is very broad and is not only used in decisions making for profit making organization but also useful to non-profit making organizations in the proper utilization of their scarce resources. The concept of management economics is also very useful in price determination, long term capital budgeting, and insights into the demands of a commodity.

Different schools of thought have suggested that managerial economics use the concepts of economics theory that differ from the fact that managerial economics is a combination of both economics theory and econometrics in making decisions. Econometrics is the use of statistical tools such as statistical packages and theories to experimentally measure the relationship that exist between economics variables. Its main advantage is that it uses factual data to model different scenarios.

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INTRODUCTION TO QUALITY MANAGEMENT PROFESSIONAL MANAGERIAL ERA (1950)

In our present age of market driven capitalism and futuristic knowledge driven economic markets, the

decision are made and the trends are set by the professional managers. Unlike their predecessors, the

captains of today’s business do not own their own companies. They must know the whole business but have control over only one small part. They must be product oriented, process conscious, financially responsible, and public spirited. They must be all things to all people, yet still function as only one cog in the wheel.

If the history of management tells us anything, it is that, no matter what happens; peace or war, prosperity or famine, this world will always be in need of good managers the kind who can get society from “where it is” to “where it wants to be.” Can you be one?

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